Raffles and Napoleon, 1816

Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles 1781 - 1826

Painting by George Francis Joseph 1817, National Portrait Gallery London.

In October 1815 Stamford Raffles the Lieutenant-Governor of Java and an East India Company employee, was recalled to London to explain the sale of Government land to bolster a shaky paper currency. (He had joined the EIC as a junior clerk in London in 1795, aged 14.)  He sailed from Batavia on 25th March 1816 and on the 18th May 1816, en route to England, his ship called at St. Helena.  On the 19th May he visited Napoleon.  Callers at St Helena mostly on their way to and from The Cape were very numerous during the Captivity and it was always their ambition, frequently unrealised to see Napoleon.  Christopher Kelley in an 1834 publication recounts that  On the arrival of a fleet from India, at St Helena, the Countess of Loudon paid a visit to the Governor at Plantation House; and, for the gratification of her curiosity, Buonaparte was invited to a dinner of ceremony given by Sir Hudson Lowe.  The wily Corsican, however, conjectured the cause of his being invited and refused even to return an answer to the Governor’s card and the Countess felt greatly disappointed at being obliged to leave St. Helena without seeing Napoleon.  Raffles was therefore privileged to be received.

William Warden, Surgeon on board the Northumberland, relates the following in his 1816 publication “Letters Written on Board His Majesty’s Ship the Northumberland, and Saint Helena in which the conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte, and his suite during the voyage, and the first months of his residence in that island are faithfully described and related”

I happened to be at Longwood, when Mr. Raffles, the late Governor of Java, and his suite, obtained permission to visit the grounds at Longwood.  The anxiety of that gentleman to see Buonaparte was extreme: his curiosity was a perfect rage, and the utmost was done to accomplish its gratification.  In short, though indisposition might have been pleaded, an hour was appointed by the Emperor to receive the Ex-Governor; and the latter had not words to express his delight at the manner in which he had been received.

Whilst Raffles may have been anxious to visit, he left with a distinctly poor impression writing:  ”I saw in him a man determined and vindictive, without one spark of soul, but possessing a capacity and talent calculated to enslave mankind. I saw in him all this capacity, all this talent, was devoted to himself and his own supremacy. I saw that he looked down on all mankind as his inferiors, and that he possessed not the smallest particle of philosophy. I looked upon him as a wild animal caught, but not tamed. He is, in short, all head and no heart – a man who may by his ability command respect, but by his conduct can never ensure the affection of anyone.”

H E Egerton writing in "Sir Stamford Raffles" Talking with Napoleon, St Helena.  On our approaching, Napoleon turned quickly around to receive us, and, taking off his hat, put it under his arm.  His reception was not only not dignified or graceful but absolutely vulgar and authoritative.  He put a series of questions to Mr. Raffles in such quick succession as to render it impossible to reply to one before another was put.  His first request was to have Mr. Raffles's name pronounced distinctly.  He then asked him in what country he was born?  How long had he been in India?  Whether he had accompanied the expedition against the Island of Java?  All these questions were put with great rapidity and, before replied to, he turned round to Capt. Garnham and myself, asked our names and what service we had seen.  On his making a slight inclination of the head, we prepared to take our leave, and on making our bow we parted. Napoleon continued his walk and we returned to the house.
New York Times September 30th 1900.

Bencoolen

St. Helena, Bencoolen, Looking West, May 2010

In 1685 the British East India Company established a pepper trading centre and garrison at Bencoolen on the southern part of the west coast of Sumatra, after which this hill was named. St. Helena and Bencoolen were linked through the EIC by trade and personnel.

Isaac Pyke was Governor of St Helena from July 1714 to June 1719 when he was transferred to Bencoolen as Deputy Governor. He returned as Governor of St. Helena from March 1731 and died in office in July 1738.  During his second term of office he was accused of arbitrary conduct, white inhabitants were ignominiously whipped and imprisoned for trivial offences, he gave full scope to his own tyranny and was judged unfit to be any longer trusted with the power he had so grossly abused. The Court of Directors of The East India Company dismissed him but he died prior to the receipt of their orders to this effect.  From Brooke History of St. Helena to 1806.

From the St. Helena Records June 24th 1736. Francis Everest Governor of Bencoolen died at St Helena on his homeward passage.

In October 1815 Stamford Raffles the Lieutenant-Governor of Java and an East India Company employee, was recalled to London to explain the sale of Government land to bolster a shaky paper currency.  (He had joined the EIC as a junior clerk in London in 1795, aged 14.)  He sailed from Batavia on 25th March 1816 and en route to England his ship called at St. Helena and he visited Napoleon, arriving in London on the 16th July, a four month passage.

In February 1817 The EIC Directors exonerated him from dishonourable motives and confirmed his appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of the West Sumatra Residency at Bencoolen and in May 1817 he was knighted.  Benkulen (sic) was, declared Raffles the most wretched place I ever beheld.  It was not a popular destination, only the disgraced and the truly desperate found their way there. Four of the five children born to Raffles and his second wife Sophia died in infancy at Bencoolen.  Indian convicts were first transported to Bencoolen in 1787.  In 1819 Raffles was sent by Lord Hastings (Governor General of India 1813-1823) to acquire Singapore and this led to negotiations with the Dutch conducted in London and concluded by a treaty in 1824.  Under this treaty the British withdrew from Sumatra and the East India Company ceded Bencoolen to the Dutch, who on their part transferred all their possessions in India including their factories at Dacca, the settlement of Malacca with the British given undisputed possession of Singapore.  Following this treaty and the British withdrawal the Bencoolen convicts were transferred to Penang and Singapore.  See The Honourable Company John Keay Harper Collins 1991